11.2+Muscles+and+movement

11. Human Physiology AHL - 11.1 Defence against infectious disease - 11.2 Muscles and movement - 11.3 The kidney - 11.4 Reproduction - Physiology AHL Labs


 * Assessment statements** (IBO notes added to some points to clearly indicate what needs to be understood and what does not)
 * 11.2.1 || State the roles of bones, ligaments, muscles, tendons and nerves in human movement. ||
 * 11.2.2 || Label a diagram of the human elbow joint, including cartilage, synovial fluid, joint capsule, named bones and antagonistic muscles (biceps and triceps). ||
 * 11.2.3 || Outline the functions of the structures in the human elbow joint named in 11.2.2. ||
 * 11.2.4 || Compare the movements of the hip joint and the knee joint. ||
 * 11.2.5 || Describe the structure of striated muscle fibres, including the myofibrils with light and dark bands, mitochondria, the sarcoplasmic reticulum, nuclei and the sarcolemma. ||
 * 11.2.6 || Draw and label a diagram to show the structure of a sarcomere, including Z lines, actin filaments, myosin filaments with heads, and the resultant light and dark bands. No other terms for parts of the sarcomere are expected. ||
 * 11.2.7 || Explain how skeletal muscle contracts, including the release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, the formation of cross-bridges, the sliding of actin and myosin filaments, and the use of ATP to break cross-bridges and re-set myosin heads. Details of the roles of troponin and tropomyosin are not expected. ||
 * 11.2.8 || Analyse electron micrographs to find the state of contraction of muscle fibres. Muscle fibres can be fully relaxed, slightly contracted, moderately contracted and fully contracted. ||

Lab grown meat has been in the news (BBC article). Here's the SciShow take on it from Hank. media type="custom" key="24101756"
 * Starter**

Anatomy of a muscle - this Braingenie video from Youtube is a good place to start and gives a context with which to understand muscle contraction media type="custom" key="24101726"

A more in depth introduction can be gained by watching the crash course video on the Muscular System

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An alternative set of notes from [|i-Biology] can be found here: media type="custom" key="23684848"
 * Workbooks and Worksheets **

Steven Taylor ( [|i-Biology] ) has a great presentation to view and take notes from before starting your notebook media type="custom" key="23684850"
 * Presentations and tutorials **

The khan academy has several helpful video tutorials. remember they don't exactly match your assessment statements, but they do give you a good understanding of how muscles work. Use them intelligently: Anatomy of a muscle cell media type="custom" key="23684852" Role of the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum in Muscle Cells media type="custom" key="23684856" Myosin and actin and how they produce mechanical force media type="custom" key="23684858"

A detailed animation and tutorial from Wiley on the Actin and Myosin. It shows the mechanism of sliding filaments and how they cause muscle contraction.

A short animated tutorial on muscle contraction from [|WISC Online]

Good animations ad tutorials from McGraw and Hill on:
 * [|myofilament contraction]
 * [|action potentials and muscle contraction]

This poster from the [|Exploratorium] summarises how muscles work and can be used as a basis for notes.

[|Notes on muscle] from Mr Rothery's site (mainly for A-level, but content is useful)

Get body smart tutorial and quiz on how muscles work

Learn about the major muscles in the human body using Teach PE

Use [|click4biology] to review and complete your notes

Build your own set of notes using the Bioknowledgy outline below. Attempt the additional activities before completing the appropriate sections of your notes. media type="custom" key="23684862"
 * Approach**

__11.2.6-11.2.7__
 * 1) Model the sliding filament hypothesis.
 * 2) If you judge your work to be successful add it to your notes.

Rigor mortis (stiffening of the muscles after death) sets in because energy is needed at the point of return of the myosin head. There is no new ATP, so no detachment of myosin, and so muscles go into contraction.
 * Interesting extra **

Students were asked to develop teaching presentations to teach a large number of missing students here are the results of their work media type="custom" key="24242850" media type="custom" key="24242860"
 * Examples of student work**