11.4+Reproduction

11. Human Physiology AHL - 11.1 Defence against infectious disease - 11.2 Muscles and movement - 11.3 The kidney - 11.4 Reproduction - Physiology AHL Labs Here's an electron micrograph of a seminiferous tubule (source: University of Delaware). They are often thought of as circular as we look at them in cross section (TS). However as their name suggests they are in fact better likened to tubes. They are found in the testicles coiled and folded in a similar fashion to the small intestine.
 * Starter**


 * Assessment statements** (IBO notes added to some point to clearly indicate what needs to be understood and what does not)
 * 11.4.1 || Annotate a light micrograph of testis tissue to show the location and function of interstitial cells (Leydig cells), germinal epithelium cells, developing spermatozoa and Sertoli cells. ||
 * 11.4.2 || Outline the processes involved in spermatogenesis within the testis, including mitosis, cell growth, the two divisions of meiosis and cell differentiation. The names of the intermediate stages in spermatogenesis are not required. ||
 * 11.4.3 || State the role of LH, testosterone and FSH in spermatogenesis. ||
 * 11.4.4 || Annotate a diagram of the ovary to show the location and function of germinal epithelium, primary follicles, mature follicle and secondary oocyte. ||
 * 11.4.5 || Outline the processes involved in oogenesis within the ovary, including mitosis, cell growth, the two divisions of meiosis, the unequal division of cytoplasm and the degeneration of polar body. The terms oogonia and primary oocyte are not required. ||
 * 11.4.6 || Draw and label a diagram of a mature sperm and egg. ||
 * 11.4.7 || Outline the role of the epididymis, seminal vesicle and prostate gland in the production of semen. ||
 * 11.4.8 || Compare the processes of spermatogenesis and oogenesis, including the number of gametes and the timing of the formation and release of gametes. ||
 * 11.4.9 || Describe the process of fertilization, including the acrosome reaction, penetration of the egg membrane by a sperm and the cortical reaction. ||
 * 11.4.10 || Outline the role of HCG in early pregnancy. ||
 * 11.4.11 || Outline early embryo development up to the implantation of the blastocyst. Limit this to several mitotic divisions resulting in a hollow ball of cells called the blastocyst. ||
 * 11.4.12 || Explain how the structure and functions of the placenta, including its hormonal role in secretion of estrogen and progesterone, maintain pregnancy. ||
 * 11.4.13 || State that the fetus is supported and protected by the amniotic sac and amniotic fluid. Embryonic details of the fetus and the structure of amniotic membranes are not required. ||
 * 11.4.14 || State that materials are exchanged between the maternal and fetal blood in the placenta. ||
 * 11.4.15 || Outline the process of birth and its hormonal control, including the changes in progesterone and oxytocin levels and positive feedback. ||

Log in to the [|DCS Bridge] to obtain your workbooks and supporting resources
 * Workbooks and Worksheets **

An alternative set of notes from [|i-Biology] can be found here: media type="custom" key="23684956"

Steven Taylor ( [|i-Biology] ) has a great presentation to view and take notes from before starting your notebook media type="custom" key="23684964"
 * Presentations and tutorials **

This introduction to the female reproductive system by Pearson, though not all is relevant to this sub-topic, provides a good overview of reproduction as a whole.

Good resources for learning how to identify and annotate specialised cells (11.4.1) within the testis:
 * Oklahoma State University has a great tutorial with notes on what to look for when trying to identify the different cells
 * Very visual brilliant resource showing the specialised cells of a Seminiferous tubule from Medpics
 * Test your labelling skills using this micrograph from Boston University

This is a very good tutorial on Spermatogenesis from McGraw and Hill (11.4.2)

Good resources for learning how to identify and annotate specialised cells (11.4.4) within the ovary:
 * Visual histology has an example labelled micrograph to help you recognise structure learn from diagrams
 * Great resources from Medpics (1 2) highlight the structures you are trying to find
 * Oklahoma State University has a good tutorial with notes on what to look for when trying to identify the different cells
 * Test your labelling skills using this micrograph from Boston University

Oogenesis (11.4.5) is covered well by:
 * Animated video by Pearson
 * Animated tutorial from McGraw and Hill contains more detail than needed, but is very thorough

Use [|click4biology] to review and complete your notes

View the [|i-Biology] presentation, look through the tutorials and links above and consult your textbook. Now follow the the included guidelines to complete your set of Bioknowledgy notes. media type="custom" key="23684970"
 * Approach**


 * Useful Links **

This Monty python clip of the 'Miracle of Birth' is a more of a good satire of the medical industry. Clip originally found on [|i-Biology]. media type="custom" key="23684976"
 * Just for fun**